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Abolición de la Pena de Muerte

El reto: justicia, no venganza

Toda víctima y todo superviviente tiene derecho a que el autor de un delito rinda cuentas ante un tribunal. Pero la pena de muerte no es una forma de justicia, es un acto de venganza.

La pena de muerte no tiene un efecto disuasorio frente al delito: no hay pruebas de que los Estados que aplican la pena capital tengan índices de delincuencia más bajos, ni de que los índices de delincuencia aumenten cuando se suprime la pena de muerte. Al contrario, los estudios demuestran que es la amenaza de ser detenido y sancionado, más que la severidad de la sanción en sí, el factor clave en la prevención de la delincuencia.








La pena de muerte afecta de manera desproporcionada a las poblaciones más vulnerables y, en particular, a las minorías, las personas que viven en la pobreza, las personas con discapacidad mental y otros grupos ya marginados. En algunos países, la pena de muerte puede utilizarse como instrumento de represión política.








Ningún sistema judicial es inmune al error: incluso cuando el debido proceso y todas las garantías judiciales se aplican y respetan debidamente, es imposible garantizar que nuevas pruebas no revelen que se ha ejecutado a una persona inocente.








El sistema judicial no debería tener derecho a matar: la pena de muerte no es ética y es moralmente incorrecta. Llevar a cabo ejecuciones viola el derecho a la vida de los condenados y les priva de cualquier posibilidad de rehabilitación y futura contribución a la sociedad.

Por ello, cada año, son más los países que deciden abolir la pena de muerte, reforzando así la tendencia global a favor de poner fin definitivamente a este cruel castigo. El avance del movimiento abolicionista se tradujo, en particular, en un apoyo sin precedentes (enlace disponible en inglés) a la novena resolución de la ONU para una moratoria universal del uso de la pena de muerte. Este instrumento crucial para hacer avanzar las normas internacionales fue adoptado el 15 de diciembre de 2022 por una mayoría histórica de 125 Estados a favor.

A pesar del creciente aislamiento de Estados que aún emplean la pena de muerte, las ejecuciones en todo el mundo han aumentado significativamente en 2023. Amnistía Internacional informó de que, en 2023, fueron ejecutadas al menos 1153 personas (excluida China, donde las cifras se mantienen en secreto), lo que supone la cifra más alta desde 2015 (durante ese año, Amnistía Internacional registró 1,634 ejecuciones - excluida China). Resulta alarmante que este elevadísimo número de ejecuciones registradas tuviera lugar en sólo 16 países, el menor número de países ejecutores registrado según Amnistía Internacional. La mayoría de ellas tuvieron lugar en Irán (más de 853 ejecuciones) y Arabia Saudí (172 ejecuciones registradas).

Además, y en contra de la tendencia mundial, algunos Estados que habían abolido o aplicado desde hace tiempo una moratoria sobre la pena de muerte, están yendo en contra de esta tendencia abolicionista. Así, en muchos países se alzan voces que abogan por el endurecimiento de las condenas penales y el restablecimiento de la pena capital.

En este contexto, es responsabilidad del movimiento abolicionista intensificar sus esfuerzos para lograr la abolición universal de la pena de muerte.

La Respuesta: La Campaña para la Abolición de la Pena de Muerte

En 2013, PGA lanzó su Campaña para la Abolición de la Pena de Muerte. El objetivo de la campaña es garantizar que se respete el derecho a la vida y promover sistemas de justicia basados en el Estado de Derecho en línea con el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 16, en particular la meta 16.3. Los parlamentarios tienen un papel crucial que desempeñar en el movimiento para restringir el uso de la pena de muerte y, en última instancia, abolirla mediante la elaboración de leyes, la deliberación sobre las políticas nacionales y la sensibilización de la opinión pública.

Para ello, PGA ayuda a sus miembros tanto de países retencionistas como abolicionistas y adopta un enfoque gradual para avanzar hacia el abolicionismo en el país, que incluye:

  1. Mejorar las condiciones de detención en el corredor de la muerte abordando cuestiones como el hacinamiento en las cárceles, la insuficiencia de alimentos o agua potable, la falta de atención médica, la falta de personal e infraestructuras, las deplorables condiciones sanitarias, la violencia física, etc.
  2. Reforzar las garantías jurídicas en los casos de pena capital, incluido el derecho al debido proceso, el derecho de apelación y a procedimientos de clemencia, el derecho a una asesoría legal adecuada, el derecho a un juicio justo.
  3. Reducción del ámbito de aplicación de la pena de muerte, incluida la eliminación de las condenas obligatorias.
  4. [Para los países retencionistas] Adopción de una moratoria, incluso mediante la afirmación de la resolución bianual de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (AGNU) sobre una moratoria del uso de la pena de muerte.
  5. Abolición de la pena de muerte y promoción de una norma internacional que la prohíba, mediante el apoyo a la ratificación, adhesión o adopción del Segundo Protocolo Facultativo del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (2PF-PIDCP).
Escuche el podcast del Centro de Información sobre la Pena de Muerte presentando al Rep. Renny Cushing
Escuche el podcast del Centro de Información sobre la Pena de Muerte en el que el Representante Renny Cushing (EE. UU.), miembro de PGA, habla sobre la capacitación de los supervivientes y la derogación de la pena de muerte en Nuevo Hampshire (podcast disponible en inglés) »

Los miembros de PGA participan cada tres años en el Congreso Mundial contra la Pena de Muerte organizado por EPCM (disponible en inglés)

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A Parliamentary Peer Exchange Supports Efforts to End the Death Penalty in Malawi and Beyond

A Parliamentary Peer Exchange Supports Efforts to End the Death Penalty in Malawi and Beyond

Today, 28 out of the 55 African Union Member States have abolished the death penalty in law, while 14 States maintain a moratorium on executions.

Lilongwe / The Hague / New York Parliamentary leaders in Ghana and Zimbabwe have been championing legislative efforts to abolish the death penalty in recent years, becoming the standard bearers of the global abolitionist movement among African countries. Today, 28 out of the 55 African Union Member States have abolished the death penalty in law, while 14 States maintain a moratorium on executions. The experiences of parliamentarians from these countries offer valuable insights that can inspire and guide further abolition efforts across the African continent — particularly in Malawi, where the death penalty remains part of Malawi’s legal system despite having no executions carried out since 1992. Hon. Yusuf Nthenda, MP (Malawi), PGA Member, is currently championing a private member’s bill appearing on the order paper of the 51st session of the Parliament of Malawi. The bill aims to amend both Malawi’s Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code by removing all references to death sentences. Encouraged by this development and in an effort to build momentum for reform in Malawi, several civil society organizations, together with Parliamentarians for Global Action, hosted a virtual roundtable event on 9 April 2025. The gathering brought together parliamentarians from Malawi, Ghana, and Zimbabwe as well as representatives from Reprieve; the Center for Human Rights Education, Advice and Assistance (CHREAA); the World Coalition Against the Death Penalty (WCADP)  to share experiences and exchange legislative strategies aimed at ending the use of capital punishment. Learning from Recent Abolition Successes Hon. Kwame Anyimadu-Antwi, MP (Ghana) and PGA Member, explained how Ghana passed a private member bill in 2023 to replace the death penalty with life imprisonment. As the former Chair of the Constitutional, Legal, and Parliamentary Affairs Committee, he led inclusive public consultations and participated in the legislative review process to achieve consensus, engaging religious leaders, civil society, and the broader public. One of the most persuasive arguments was the irreversible risk of executing innocent people. The financial burden of keeping death row inmates and the conditions of detention in prisons were also important arguments for abolishing the death penalty. While building consensus was challenging, reasoned debates and careful engagement led to the introduction and adoption of the bill resulting in the abolition of the death penalty for ordinary crimes. Since Ghana’s constitution still includes provisions related to capital punishment, the ongoing constitutional review presents more opportunities for parliamentarians to fully remove all references to the death penalty. Hon. Edwin Mushoriwa, MP (Zimbabwe), shared his country’s path to abolition, driven by the conviction that the death penalty was a relic of colonial rule and did not reflect Zimbabwean values. He championed Zimbabwe’s abolition through a private member bill,  adopted by the National Assembly and the Senate just days before its promulgation by the President on 31 December 2024. This road has been long, despite no executions taking place since 1995. In the absence of consensus on abolition, incremental steps were taken, such as reducing the scope of application of the death penalty in 2013, when the new constitution outlawed death penalty for women and individuals under 21 or over 70 years old. Hon. Mushoriwa emphasized the unwavering support of civil society organizations, including Veritas Zimbabwe, Amnesty International, and Death Penalty Project, which conducted public awareness campaigns and demonstrated that constitutional reform was not necessary to abolish the death penalty for ordinary crimes. This helped pave the way for swift legislative action. These concerted actions helped build consensus within the opposition and members of the ruling party, leading to this historic vote. As the law is being implemented, national courts are currently resentencing all individuals who were on death row. Hon. Mushoriwa concluded his intervention by underlining that, from a Southern African point of view, abolition in Malawi will be an extremely important step for the region and indicated that Zimbabwean parliamentarians stand ready to assist their Malawian peers, including from a technical point of view, to support their efforts in moving in the same direction. A Critical Moment for Malawi Hon. Yusuf Nthenda, MP (Malawi) and PGA member, has introduced a private member bill to abolish the death penalty through the amendment of the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure and Evidence Codes.  Given these bills are listed in the order paper for the 51st session of Malawi’s parliament, there is a critical opportunity to advance national debate and legislative reform. In this context, several Malawian parliamentarians joined the roundtable and affirmed their support for reform. Hon. Roseby Gadama, MP (Malawi) and PGA member, highlighted the moratorium in place since 1992, but pointed out the lack of political will to definitely abolish this practice from the legislative texts. She highlighted support from the NGO Reprieve, which organized an exchange in 2023 between Zambian and Malawi officials, and the Malawi’s Parliamentary Women’s Caucus (as Zambia just abolished the death penalty in 2022). This experience strengthened the Caucus’ commitment to abolition. Hon. Gadama expressed her continued strong support towards efforts led by Hon. Nthenda, the champion of the private member’s bill. Hon. Mary Mpanga, MP (Malawi), representing the Catholic members of parliament in Malawi, spoke from a religious perspective. She underlined her commitment to respecting and protecting life, which the use of the death penalty violates. Learning from the experiences of Ghana and Zimbabwe parliamentarians, she voiced her support for the abolition of the death penalty by law. Hon. Ephraim Kayembe Abelle, MP (Malawi) and PGA Member, acknowledged the challenge ahead and the need for a strategy to engage legislators from both sides of the political spectrum in order to build consensus and move toward eliminating the death penalty from the statute books. With additional technical support and consultations, he is confident that Malawi will have the opportunity to amend its legislation. Hon. Susan Dossi, MP (Malawi) and PGA Member, also expressed her commitment to abolish the death penalty, stressing the willingness of Malawian parliamentarians to leave a positive legacy for future generations. She underlined the value of learning from their peers in neighboring countries and other African countries, which can help overcoming challenges and facilitate progress. While Malawi citizens have voiced growing support for abolition, as reflected in parliamentary and the Ministry of Justice processes (respectively in 2022 and 2023), participants in the roundtable event agreed that Malawi still needs a clear cross-party strategy to ensure political will. Civil Society Recommendations Mr. Victor Mhango, Executive Director of the CHREAA, urged the parliament to act without delay. With elections scheduled in September 2025, and the private member bill still pending in the parliamentary agenda, the window for reform may be narrowing. Yet, pushing for debate on the abolition of the death penalty within parliament will allow elected representatives to reflect the will of Malawian citizens and address the broader human rights concerns related to the criminal justice system. He  outlined four main recommendations for Malawian parliamentarians: Seize the legislative moment and ensure the timely debate of the bills aiming at abolishing the death penalty (amendment to the Penal Code and amendment to the Criminal Procedure and Evidence Code), as delays risk the loss of political momentum< Demonstrate cross-party support to show unified national commitment to human rights Create a legacy for future generations by ending an outdated and inhumane punishment Engage with civil society to foster transparency, inclusion, and public trust throughout the process. Malawi has the opportunity to join the growing number of African countries that have shown the political courage to end capital punishment. Through cross-party political commitment, public engagement, and principled leadership, Malawi can forge its place as a leader in criminal justice reform on the African continent and allow the country to join neighbors who have taken the path towards abolition of the death penalty. PGA opposes capital punishment in all circumstances. Parliamentarians have a crucial role to play in the movement to restrict the use of the death penalty and ultimately abolish it through drafting legislation, deliberating on national policies, and enlightening public opinion. Find out more about our Campaign on the Abolishment of the Death Penalty

Growing Momentum for the Abolition of the Death Penalty – Adoption of the 2024 UN General Assembly Biennial Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty

Growing Momentum for the Abolition of the Death Penalty – Adoption of the 2024 UN General Assembly Biennial Resolution on a Moratorium on the Use of the Death Penalty

This historic resolution represents a crucial step forward for the abolitionist movement.

New York / The Hague On 17 December, during the 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Member States overwhelmingly adopted the tenth Resolution on a “Moratorium on the use of the death penalty”. With 130 votes in favor, 22 abstentions and 32 votes against, this historic result represents a crucial step forward for the abolitionist movement. Compared to the 2022 resolution, which received 125 votes in favor, the significant support for this year’s resolution reflects the increasing international momentum for the implementation of a universal moratorium, as a first step towards ending the use of capital punishment. This resolution, co-facilitated by Argentina and Italy on behalf of the Inter-Regional Task Force, was co-sponsored by 70 States. It calls upon all States to establish a moratorium on executions, with a view to abolishing the death penalty. Today, two-thirds of the world’s countries have expressed their support for the implementation of a universal moratorium, as a decisive step towards the full abolition of the death penalty. The death penalty is incompatible with the principles of human dignity and justice. I am proud that Kenya has endorsed the resolution this year, and we will persist in our efforts – at the national level, in our respective regions, and globally – not only to implement moratoria, but to ensure the complete elimination of the death penalty from our laws. Millie Odhiambo, MP (Kenya), Convenor of PGA’s Campaign on the Abolition of the Death Penalty In terms of positive developments observed, several States made remarkable shifts in their positions compared to 2022: From Against to In Favor: Antigua and Barbuda, Burundi; From Abstention to In Favor: Gabon, Kenya, Morocco, Zambia; From No Vote to In Favor: São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Somalia, Vanuatu; From Against to Abstention: Bahamas, Bangladesh and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nevertheless, challenges remain, as some setbacks were also noticed: From In Favor to Abstention: Guinea, Uganda; From Abstention to Against: Mauritania, Papua New Guinea; From In Favor to Absent during the vote: Central African Republic, Marshall Islands. PGA acknowledges the tireless work of the global abolitionist movement, and expresses its gratitude to its parliamentary members for their engagement and advocacy, which contributed to this result. Through their efforts, parliamentarians play a pivotal role in urging their governments to support this resolution, and take meaningful action towards ending capital punishment.   About the moratorium resolution Every two-years, the UN General Assembly is expected to consider and vote on a draft resolution calling for a moratorium on the death penalty. The adoption of the moratorium resolution underscores States’ commitment to end the use of this cruel punishment. It also fosters support for abolishing the death penalty and advances national dialogues and measures towards abolition. By explicitly linking the establishment of a moratorium to human rights, the adoption of the first resolution (62/149) on 18 December 2007, marked a critical turning point: the use of capital punishment is not just a criminal justice issue – it is a question of upholding human rights. Since then, the UNGA has adopted ten resolutions on the moratorium, each receiving broader support. The number of votes in favor has increased from 104 in 2007, to 130 in 2024, reflecting the global abolitionist trend. PGA opposes capital punishment in all circumstances. Parliamentarians have a crucial role to play in the movement to restrict the use of the death penalty and ultimately abolish it through drafting legislation, deliberating on national policies, and enlightening public opinion. Find out more about our Campaign on the Abolishment of the Death Penalty

Historic vote: Zimbabwe Parliament adopts the Death Penalty Abolition Bill

Historic vote: Zimbabwe Parliament adopts the Death Penalty Abolition Bill

PGA acknowledges the leadership and tireless efforts of Zimbabwean parliamentarians, including PGA Members and most notably Hon. Dorcas Sibanda, whose collective unwavering commitment has made this historic achievement possible.

New York / The Hague / Harare [Update from 9 January 2025] On 31 December 2024, the President of Zimbabwe, Emmerson Mnangagwa, signed the Death Penalty Abolition Bill into law, officially making the country an abolitionist for all crimes. This landmark development prohibits national courts from imposing the capital punishment. Existing death sentences will be resentenced or commuted to jail time. Nevertheless, a provision allows the death penalty to be reinstated during “any state of public emergency declared in terms of section 113 of the Constitution.” PGA warmly congratulates the Senate of Zimbabwe on the historic adoption of the Death Penalty Abolition bill, during the night of 11 December. This Bill, which had previously been passed by the National Assembly, now paves the way for Zimbabwe to officially abolish the death penalty once it receives presidential assent. The country has been de facto abolitionist since its last execution in 2005. PGA acknowledges the leadership and tireless efforts of Zimbabwean parliamentarians, including PGA Members and most notably Ms. Dorcas Sibanda former parliamentarian, whose collective unwavering commitment has made this historic achievement possible. This landmark development also comes at a pivotal time, just a few days before the United Nations General Assembly considers the resolution calling for a universal moratorium on the use of the death penalty. Zimbabwean parliamentarians therefore sent a powerful message to the international community, about the importance of upholding human rights and strengthening justice systems. This achievement is a testament to the dedication of parliamentarians and the collective voice of Zimbabweans who believe in justice and human rights. I urge other nations to follow and join Zimbabwe’s example in building a world free of capital punishment. I also want to commend President Mnangagwa for his consistent leadership in opposing the death penalty. His personal experience underscores the profound injustice of capital punishment. I encourage him to once again reaffirm his commitment by signing this act into law without delay, thereby cementing Zimbabwe’s role as a leader in the global movement against the death penalty. Honorable Kindness Paradza, Member of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe, PGA Member As the country moves closer to the abolition, PGA calls on the government to also consider taking the next step by signing and ratifying the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty (ICCPR-OP2) PGA opposes capital punishment in all circumstances. Parliamentarians have a crucial role to play in the movement to restrict the use of the death penalty and ultimately abolish it through drafting legislation, deliberating on national policies, and enlightening public opinion. Find out more about our Campaign on the Abolishment of the Death Penalty.

Movimiento global hacia la abolición de la pena de muerte

0
países han abolido completamente la pena de muerte en la ley para todos los delitos a mayo de 2024
0
países han abolido la pena de muerte en la ley o en la práctica a mayo de 2024
0
personas ejecutadas en 2023 (excluida China): un 31% más que en 2022

Últimas Actividades:

Photo by Reprieve

The event highlighted Malawi’s journey towards abolition, discussed remaining challenges, and shared best practices.

We Call Upon Parliamentarians to Take Action on this World Day Against the Death Penalty 2025

Each year on 10 October, the global abolitionist movement comes together to observe the World Day Against the Death Penalty. In 2024 and 2025, the focus has been on addressing the myth that the death penalty ensures safety, with the message: “The Death Penalty Protects No One: Abolish it Now.”

Photo Courtesy Parliament of Malawi

Today, 28 out of the 55 African Union Member States have abolished the death penalty in law, while 14 States maintain a moratorium on executions.

Mapa mundial de países abolicionistas y retencionistas

 
Abolicionista para todos los delitos
 
Abolicionista sólo para delitos comunes
 
Abolicionista en la práctica*
 
País retencionista
 

A mayo de 2023. Fuente: Amnesty International
* Países que mantienen la pena de muerte para delitos comunes pero que no han ejecutado a nadie en los últimos 10 años o más.

Cómo trabajamos

Mediante el uso de una metodología de igual a igual y estrategias adecuadas a cada país, la Secretaría de PGA y sus miembros trabajan juntos para educar, sensibilizar, desarrollar capacidad técnica y fortalecer la voluntad política de los parlamentarios para que tomen iniciativas concretas y acciones legislativas y lograr resultados en el marco de las campañas de PGA..

PGA trabaja con parlamentarios individuales en sus contextos y parlamentos nacionales y a partir de allí crea redes internacionales que conectan a la sociedad civil y los parlamentarios, así como también como los responsables políticos y partes interesadas a nivel nacional e internacional.

Más sobre nuestra Teoría de Cambio